AS A MAN THINKETH

 by Phillip Starr

    As we enjoy our practice of our chosen martial disciplines we tend to get caught up in what I call the "punch-kick" mentality. That is, we’re looking at the outside of what we do and not thinking much about anything else. It’s kind of like driving your car and being overly-concerned with how it looks as opposed to what’s going on inside; how it should work compared to how it’s working at the present time (that’s usually too scary to contemplate), and what makes it work in the first place – or even what can be done to make it work better.

     The Buddha once said, "As a man thinketh, so he is…" Truer words were never spoken although most of us, after hearing these words, simply acknowledge their profundity and then go on with our lives and training as usual.

     Some time ago a former student of mine who has taken up iaido and kendo said she happened to open up a book written by Mr. Dave Lowry entitled, "Autumn Lightning." She looked at the page before her and read about how Mr. Lowry’s iaido teacher (a Japanese gentleman who was teaching at a nearby university) insisted that his iaido pupil learn to speak Japanese. This, he said, was essential if one was to understand the true spirit of the art. And he was right.

     You see, we’re brought up to speak American (we don’t speak English; the British speak English and believe me, it’s a bit different than the American version) and the result is that we unconsciously learn to think in American. This can be a real problem when we’re presented with (foreign) concepts for which our language has no word or phrase. Not only is it difficult for us to find an appropriate American word or phrase to match to the foreign tongue, it’s often impossible to IMAGINE the concept in the first place because it doesn’t fit into our language/thought processes!

     The most ready example is the word qi (“ki” in Japanese). There simply is no American/English equivalent for this concept and the end result is that many of us completely misunderstand the whole idea! And we get charlatans trying to prove that they can knock people over without touching them and generally playing "Star Trek" with their bare hands…

     Or shen (“shin” in Japanese), which we roughly translate as "spirit" but that’s not quite right. And yi, which is often translated as "intention" or "mind" but the real meaning goes much deeper than that… I believe that language impacts the way in which we think (and subsequently act). It can also limit the way in which we (are able to) think…and this can lead to misunderstandings about the arts that we practice; how they should be practiced and what makes them tick.

     Let’s take the word "yi." It is written with two radicals, one above the other. One radical means "sound" and the other means "heart." In traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that the heart houses the emotions and what we call "mind" (not the brain). So if you take a little time to consider what this means, it can change the way you feel about the word "yi." Those of you who practice a martial art such as Xingyiquan may acquire a finer understanding of what the name implies.

     Xingyi is usually translated as "Form/Shape of the Mind" but once you understand the FEELING behind the word for mind (yi), it can change your understanding of the name of the art and how it’s intended to be practiced.

     The word Xing is usually translated as "form, shape, pattern." It can also mean "image." That has a slightly different implication than "form." Moreover, the Japanese/Okinawan pronunciation for (the character) Xing is…KATA (for you taekwondo stylists, it is "Hyung")!

     So it really helps if you learn, at least to some degree, how to speak the language of the culture in which your particular art was developed, and to read some of it as well. Most westerners are loathe to do this and consider it too much of a bother. But the fact is, if you truly want to understand your art more fully, you need to spend some time immersing yourself in its culture – and that includes language.

     But there’s more.

     Consider mathematics. I always hated math. But my teacher, Master W.C. Chen, once told me that the reason mathematics is so heavily emphasized in school has little to do with whether or not we’ll ever use algebraic equations as we go through life…it’s because mathematics is a language! And just as the languages we learn to speak impact the way we think, mathematics teaches us new and different ways of analyzing and thinking.

     Many years later my own father would echo these same words. "Math teaches you to think in a certain way," he said. It would be some years before I fully understood what he meant.

     If we learn only one "language", as it were, our "way" of thinking is very limited. By learning more languages, we develop our mental faculties more fully.

      My teacher, Master W. C. Chen told me that individual techniques are like words. Combinations of techniques are like sentences and paragraphs. A bad combination – one in which the techniques do not flow smoothly – is like a badly written sentence. Good combinations are like fine poetry and our forms are books, being comprised of many sentences and paragraphs.

      Moreover, each form teaches us to think in a certain way! Each one is different; it has its own sentences and spirit (like a "style" of writing, no?). Your forms may use many of the same words but the sentences and the style of writing are very different. A comma here, and semi-colon there, parentheses over here (and what’s inside those parentheses?), indentations for paragraphs, and so on.

     It’s a book! At first you learn to read it like you did when you first learned to read. For me, back in the days of covered wagons, we used the old "Dick and Jane" readers; incredibly boring and stupid stories which everyone read aloud in a REALLY boring monotone with no emphasis on any particular words or phrases… Then as you become more literate and you can read with greater skill, your form (your recitation of the book) takes on more meaning and life! And as you continue to practice it, that form will teach you to think in a certain way!

     This is very important. Very. Important. Go back and re-read that last paragraph.

    It’s the same thing when you first learn to play a musical instrument. You can’t possibly start off with the classical, complex, highbrow stuff. On a piano, you have to learn the keyboard and start with really simple, boring stuff…but there’s more to it than just memorizing keys and melodies. You’re learning to think in a new way! And when you learn to play a particular piece of music you learn another way of thinking and hearing and tasting and experiencing and BEING the music.

    Then you move on to another piece to expand your understanding and learn to think in yet another way. Music is, after all, a LANGUAGE! Like math. They’re much the same thing. And as you learn more "languages", you are better able to express yourself and you are better able to understand others!

     Remember, as you think…

A DICHOTOMY

    by Phillip Starr

     Here's something to consider.  Ask any practitioner of kung-fu, karate, jujutsu, or aikido why they practice their chosen martial art.  Although some will tell you that they do it to stay fit, the vast majority will say that they train for reasons of self-defense.  If you observe the classes in which they participate, you'll see that the training is largely focused on practical applications of the various techniques to self-defense situations.  Some training will feature very old and seemingly pointless practice such as forms...but the instructor can quickly demonstrate how the movements of the various forms can be easily applied on the street.

  Now, most of you know that aside from my daily practice of Yiliquan, I also try to get in some time to practice iaido.  And I can see the look of confusion on some faces out there...why would the old man practice stuff like that?

     Well, why would anybody?

     I will probably not get up tomorrow morning, throw on a hakama, slip my katana into my obi (belt; sash), and saunter down the road looking to right society's wrongs and being a champion of the downtrodden.  Nope.  I will likely never (again) get into a sword fight or have to draw my blade and cut down some nasty enemy who intends to do me harm.

     And it is for these very reasons that my practice of iaido is important to me!

     Okay.  Now I see even more confusion.  Why would I practice a highly ritualized, moderately-paced art which has no obvious "street application?"  The fact is that, because iaido has no modern self-defense applications, it provides an ideal environment in which to refine one's mind and spirit; to strengthen and discipline them.

     Well, isn't this also done in kung-fu training?  And karate, jujutsu, and aikido? 

     Although most martial arts that still retain practical self-defense applications are supposed to emphasize these qualities, the fact is that the majority of one's time is spent developing actual combative skills.  This is jutsu. 

     In the practice of something like iaido, there is no concern about developing practical combat skill...because it's never going to happen.  I'm never going to have to use my sword in battle.  I can't even practice with a partner because in iaido training, one uses a live blade.  And this is the art's greatest attribute!  ALL of my attention can be focused on refining my mind and spirit because I don't have to concern myself with the possibility that I'm ever going to have to use this art in combat.  That is do.

     Everything, from the standing position prior to bowing, to sitting (when my arthritis acts up, I practice standing), to inserting the sword into the belt to the draw and cut and blood cleaning and replacing the sword into the scabbard - everything must be done just so.  It took some time to just learn how to tie the sageo (cord attached to the scabbard) to my belt!

     I sit and relax and focus on correct breathing.  I keep One-Point.  I prepare to rise up and execute the draw...but, no.  Spirit isn't right.  Can't do it yet.  Focus!  Don't think about it.  In trying NOT to think about it, I'm thinking about it...so it's not right.  I can feel that it isn't right yet...

     Focus.  Relax.  One-Point.  Focus.  Focus.

     Zip!  And it happens.  The draw is complete.  Rats.  Cutting edge is off just a hair.  OK.  I still go through the formal, ritualized movements of completing the kata and replacing the sword in the scabbard...

     Now let's try this again.  Relax.  Focus...

     And so it goes, over and over.  I think I can do the first kata known as Mae (shohatto) fairly well now.  It's been a long time since I started working on it.  It looks like it consists of only a very few simple movements; come up to one knee and draw the blade out in a horizontal cut, then grasp it with both hands and advance one foot (still kneeling) and make an overhead cut.  Stand up partway and perform the chiburi (blood cleaning) to sling the funk off the blade, then do a "change back" step and re-sheathe the sword.  Keep zanshin and kneel back down.  Sounds simple enough.  And if you watch a master do it, it looks pretty basic.  But like everything else in martial arts, it isn't.  I practice the other kata but this first one has my full attention.  It's the most basic one and has to be mastered before the others can really be done properly.

     So I am a beginner again.  But I know where I'm going and how to get there.

     The refinement of mind and spirit gained from iaido practice is naturally carried over into my Yiliquan practice.  This would no doubt horrify most, if not all, of my kung-fu counterparts...a kung-fu teacher practicing a Japanese martial art (especially involving the sword) to refine his kung-fu?  Ridiculous!  And heretical, too.

     Yeah, well...I also practice a roundhouse kick (which is distinctly Japanese), eat sushi, and teach Japanese-style breakfalls.  I've also borrowed techniques from Muay Thai, learned from fine Okinawan karate masters (as well as Japanese), and use a number of two-man qigong training exercises found in aikido.

     So what?  It all works.  The object is to learn and develop skill. 

     There is a Japanese story that tells of two young samurai who were good friends.  They were about to embark on their musha shugyo; the travels through which many young warriors took to develop and refine their skills.  They agreed to meet on the bank of the river exactly twelve years later if they survived their quests.

     Sure enough, on that same day twelve years later, the two men approached each other.  However, they had approached the river on it's opposite side and it had flooded.  One man made a spectacular leap which far exceeded the skill of even today's Olympic hopefuls.  His great jump easily carried him over the swollen river.  The other samurai walked downstream a distance and paid a boatman to ferry him across the water.  What it took one man many years to develop was effectively accomplished by the other man for the price of five cents.

     Similarly, if one is interested only in being able to defend oneself, why not purchase a firearm and obtain a permit to carry it?  So you have to first ensure that your training goals are worthwhile.

     In the ancient art of iaijutsu, there is a saying that tells us, "Kachi wa saya no naka ni ari."  So there.

     For those whose Japanese is rusty, it means, "Victory comes while the sword is (still) in ths scabbard."  Physical skills alone, no matter how refined and strong, are simply not enough.  There is always someone who is stronger, someone who is faster, someone who has a better technique or dirty trick.

     Goliath had the advantage of strength but David had the advantage of spirit.  Goliath figured he had this little Jewish kid in the bag, but David was determined to win at all costs.

     The higher purpose of iaijutsu (and its grandchild, iaido), is to foster the development of the mind and spirit of a warrior; an attitude and strength of character that wins the battle before it even begins.  This is not easy to achieve and requires a great deal of training.  Attitudes of jealousy, greed, anger, selfishness, and hate must be eliminated because they are counter-productive and self-destructive; they inhibit the development of real skill.

     Another story relates how an iaijutsu teacher told his student to sit facing him.  The young man did so and the instructor told him that he was to draw his sword as quickly as possible and attack with all of his strength and speed.  The young man sat in front of the master and prepared to execute his fastest technique, but he could not.  Every time he prepared to move, something held him back.   He knew he would fail.  Finally, he told his teacher that he could not do it; he could find no opening into which he could move.  This is how one wins without emptying the scabbard.

     Now, I'm not necessarily advocating that you begin the regular practice of iaido.  But I hope you can glean something of value from this article and apply it to your training.

YOU AND YOUR BIG MOUTH!

 By Phillip Starr

It's been said that the voice is a second face and I believe this to be true. Think about it; people who tend to be withdrawn, shy, or fearful rarely speak with much feeling or volume. In fact, it's often rather difficult to hear their words at all! Their voices are, in my opinion, outward expressions of the condition(s) of their minds and spirits. If the spirit is weak and timid, if the mind is skittish and afraid, the (quality of the) voice reflects their condition.

You might wonder if increasing the volume and spirit of the voice can promote the development of a strong spirit and bolster one's courage. I believe that it can. However, it is necessary to maintain proper physical posture, ensuring that certain bodily structures are aligned. This fosters the free flow of vital force (qi) while it also brings the diaphragm into the position from which it can provide maximum assistance in speaking with greater volume and spirit. Thus, the physical posture and voice are interrelated. This is the main reason that I sometimes have students (including beginners) count cadence during certain routines that are practiced in class.

The posture and movements of people whose voices are weak and lack spirit usually reveal their timidity. Think about it. The mousy-voiced fellow who addresses you often looks at the floor or over your shoulder because he cannot work up the nerve to look you in the eye, as it were and the feeble-spirited lady may cower a bit, intertwining her fingers as she speaks to you. As inside, so outside. As I've said in earlier articles (see the article entitled, “Inseparable”), body and mind are inseparably united. The body is the visible, outward expression of the (condition of) the mind. Mind and body mirror each other perfectly.

Naturally, as a martial arts enthusiast, you'll wonder if practicing the kiai (shout) can help improve the quality and power of the voice. Yes, I believe it can. However, that same strong spirit must be carried over into the student's natural speaking voice. This usually requires some practice. By the way, this will also help those who are fearful of public speaking. Adjust the physical posture and focus on the spirit of the voice. Frankly, it's difficult to speak in a feeble, trembling voice when one's posture is correct; the two just don't go together very well at all. Correct posture (and consequently, correct movement) promotes self-confidence and that is readily evident in the voice.

In traditional martial arts, it is said that the voice is a very powerful weapon and this statement is truer than most people realize. But bear in mind that there is a right way and countless wrong ways to execute a strong kiai. I have discussed this in my book, “Martial Mechanics.”

Keep these ideas in mind today as you go out into your daily life and when you practice your chosen discipline. In a short time, you'll see how your voice can begin to change many aspects of your life...

WHAT'S IN A NAME?

 By Phillip Starr

I used to tell my students that to truly understand the nature of several forms and individual techniques, they needed to learn something about their names...in their native tongues. This involves more than simply learning to say the name of the technique or form in Japanese, Chinese, or Korean; it also includes learning how the name is written! Many, perhaps most, martial arts enthusiasts have never considered this, so let me give you an example.

You're probably familiar with the hand weapon/technique that's usually referred to as a “knife-hand”, right? Well, there's more to the name than is usually considered. For instance, the written form of “knife-hand” in Japanese and Chinese characters doesn't mean “knife” as we normally think of it. In English, a “knife” is a rather short bladed device that includes everything from kitchen knives to stilettos, Bowie knives, Arkansas toothpicks, and butter knives.

The name of the technique in Japanese is “shuto” and in Chinese it is “shou dao.” This name is comprised of two characters, the first of which is “shu” or “shou”, which means “hand.” But what most people miss is the second character, “do” or “dao”, which is written as 刀. It doesn't necessarily refer to a knife as we normally think of it. Rather, it refers to a single-edged, curved blade. Yes, some knives fall into this category. So do Japanese swords (often referred to as “do”) and Chinese broadswords (“dao”). Straight-bladed, double-edged blades go by another name.

So, a more correct term would be “sword hand” or “broadsword hand.” The character tells us that the cutting edge is curved rather than straight. Curved blades are made for slashing whereas straight blades work best for thrusting techniques. So, what difference does that make?”, you might ask. Well, sit back, relax, and listen up... A curved blade is stronger than a straight blade in so far as slashing/cutting techniques are concerned. The curved edge allows it to strike with greater power.

In my opinion, the correct form of the “sword hand” is as shown in the photo; the wrist is somewhat curved. In fact, the entire arm, from the shoulder to the end of the little finger, is slightly curved to resemble the cutting edge of a Japanese katana or a Chinese broadsword. The wrist and arm should NOT be held straight as shown in the other photo. This is a weak hand/arm form that results in a loss of power and possible injury to the hand, wrist, or elbow. However, if the bodily weapon is formed properly, there is a slight stretching sensation along the outer (little-finger) edge of the hand. This naturally firms up the striking surface without using excessive muscular tension in the hand (or forearm, which will slow down the strike because tensed muscles don't move very quickly...).

It is well to investigate the names of some of your traditional forms, too. Take the Okinawan kata, “Wansu”, for example. The Japanese renamed it “Empi.” “Wansu” is thought to be the name of a Chinese envoy who visited Okinawa and taught his form of kung-fu to the natives. This doesn't give us much of a clue as to the nature of the set and how it is to be performed...but the Japanese name does. “Empi” means roughly, “barn swallow.” It's a type of bird that feeds on insects as it defly swoops down to catch them and then gracefully climbs and/or maneuvers to bring it's next snack into its sights. A swallow is fast – very fast – and highly maneuverable. This would seem to indicate that the footwork and body shifting in the kata should be executed in a similar manner.

Now, I'm not saying that the various and sundry names of ALL forms can provide us with tidbits of valuable information, but some of them do and what you discover is certainly worth putting out a little extra effort and investigation. As the saying goes, “The teacher will show you one or two corners. Finding the others is up to you.”

TRAINING PROGRESSION

 by Phillip Starr

In an earlier article I spoke of being consistent in training. Consistency is essential to acquiring and maintaining skill in anything, especially a physical activity. However, the other half of the equation is training progressively. That is, learning step by step, taking your time and avoiding the temptation to hurry or move things out of sequence so that you (think) you'll learn and achieve skill faster.

A good instructor is careful that students learn everything progressively. There are reasons for this:

• Until a given movement (I'll call it “A”) is learned thoroughly, the student simply lacks the coordination and/or the proper strength/muscle tone to perform more complex movements. If the student attempts to do so, she may develop some really bad habits (which can be more than a little difficult to break) or even injure herself.

• The principle(s) learned in “movement A” are often essential for learning more complex movements. The basic principle(s) upon which “movement A” are based must be thoroughly learned and a certain level of skill in the application of that principle must be attained before going any further.

  

Of course, this necessarily means that students can't go whizzing through a list of techniques. They have to learn them progressively, step by step...and that means that there will be times that they will become rather bored with the tedious repetition of fundamental movements and techniques. There are ways around this, of course and that will be the subject of another article...but many instructors worry that students will drop out of training if they become bored. And that means loss of income. That has had a very negative impact on contemporary martial arts worldwide. It is my opinion that a good instructor, an instructor who is true to himself and his art, will train his students properly. Period.

Training progressively also applies to your own personal training outside of the training hall. If you stop practicing for an extended period and then start up again, you can’t simply start up where you left off. Your body is not longer accustomed to the movements and you may injure yourself. It’s like lifting weights. You move along progressively and if you stop lifting for a month or so, you mustn’t start up where you left off. An injury is pretty much guaranteed if you do!

Progressive training isn’t structured haphazardly. A good progressive training schedule is carefully developed over time by a teacher who understands not only the art and the various elements that comprise it, but human learning as well. Your personal training schedule should closely mirror the schedule used by your instructor. You can develop some slight variations by inserting various drills that make your daily practice more interesting and enjoyable but in the main, it should follow closely the schedule used by your teacher.

We learn faster and more thoroughly if we are relaxed and enjoying the process (as opposed to being fearful, tense, and/or bored half to death). Use your imagination to develop effective, challenging, and enjoyable training routines. Just because training must be progressive doesn’t necessarily infer that it has to be tedious!